A healthy diet is the foundation for healthy, glowing skin. In fact, the skin is usually the first place nutritional deficiencies can be visibly identified. For example, B vitamin deficiencies can lead to dry, flaky skin, skin rashes or cracks in the corners of the mouth. Omega 3 deficiency can lead to dry and inflamed skin (DiBaise et al., 2019; Katta et al., 2018). Other deficiencies can lead to changes in skin pigmentation, redness, coarse skin and more (DiBaise et al., 2019).

Skin ageing, and damage in the form of fine lines, wrinkles, roughness and loss of elasticity can arise from excessive oxidative stress (Rinnerthaler et al., 2015; Ito et al., 2018). Dietary antioxidants (vitamins C, E etc.) and phytonutrients (such as carotenoids and polyphenols found in plant-based foods) can help to reduce oxidative stress throughout the body, including the skin (Ito et al., 2018). For example, astaxanthin (a naturally occurring carotenoid found in freshwater microalgae) has been shown to provide a protective effect against UVA induced oxidative stress from the sun, thereby reducing photoageing (skin damage caused by sun exposure) (Ito et al., 2018). Photoageing is the largest environmental contributor to skin ageing (Rinnerthaler et al., 2015).

With age our body naturally produces less collagen and elastin, the main structural proteins found in the skin (Varani et al., 2006). Adequate protein intake plus vitamin C (required for collagen synthesis) and copper (co-factor for elastin) is important to maintain these structural proteins as we age (DiBaise et al., 2019; EFSA, 2009)

The gut microbiome is intrinsically linked with skin health (Salem et al., 2018). As well as digesting the food we eat, the gut microbiome produces vitamins, short chain fatty acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters which all may impact the skin. Emerging science on the gut-skin axis highlights how changes to the composition of the gut microbiome can positively impact skin conditions such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (Salem et al., 2018). Probiotics and prebiotics offer potential skin benefits here.

Description automatically generatedWater is essential to life and is also essential for the normal functioning of the skin. It has several important functions such as transporting nutrients, regulating temperature, hydrating the skin, and reducing skin dryness (Liska et al., 2019).

DiBaise, M. and Tarleton, S.M. (2019) ‘Hair, Nails, and Skin: Differentiating Cutaneous Manifestations of Micronutrient Deficiency’, Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 34(4), pp. 490–503. doi:10.1002/ncp.10321.EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to copper and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 263, 1726), function of the immune system (ID 264), maintenance of connective tissues (ID 265, 271, 1722), energy yielding metabolism (ID 266), function of the nervous system (ID 267), maintenance of skin and hair pigment (ID 268, 1724), iron transport (ID 269, 270, 1727), cholesterol metabolism (ID 369), and glucose metabolism (ID 369) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1211. [21 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1211. Available online: www.efsa.europa.euIto, N., Seki, S. and Ueda, F. (2018) ‘The Protective Role of Astaxanthin for UV-Induced Skin Deterioration in Healthy People-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial’, Nutrients, 10(7), p. E817. doi:10.3390/nu10070817.Liska, D., Mah, E., Brisbois, T., Barrios, P. L., Baker, L. B., & Spriet, L. L. (2019). Narrative Review of Hydration and Selected Health Outcomes in the General Population. Nutrients, 11(1), 70. doi.org/10.3390/nu11010070Katta, R. and Kramer, M.J. (2018) ‘Skin and Diet: An Update on the Role of Dietary Change as a Treatment Strategy for Skin Disease’, Skin Therapy Letter, 23(1), pp. 1–5.Rinnerthaler, M. et al. (2015) ‘Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin’, Biomolecules, 5(2), pp. 545–589. doi:10.3390/biom5020545.Salem, I. et al. (2018) ‘The Gut Microbiome as a Major Regulator of the Gut-Skin Axis’, Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, p. 1459. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01459.Liska, D., Mah, E., Brisbois, T., Barrios, P. L., Baker, L. B., & Spriet, L. L. (2019). Narrative Review of Hydration and Selected Health Outcomes in the General Population. Nutrients, 11(1), 70. doi.org/10.3390/nu11010070Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel, S. E., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J., & Voorhees, J. J. (2006). Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. The American journal of pathology, 168(6), 1861–1868. doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2006.051302Salem, I. et al. (2018) ‘The Gut Microbiome as a Major Regulator of the Gut-Skin Axis’, Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, p. 1459. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01459.